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Seminar on the Conservation and Restoration of Sahelo-Saharan Antelopes. Djerba, Tunisia, 19-23 February 1998.
UNEP, Convention on Migratory Species

Report on the status and perspectives of a species :

Gazella leptoceros

Cover drawing: J. Smit in Sclater and Thomas, 1898.
Reproduction: M.O. Beudels.

Report prepared by Pierre Devillers, René-Marie Lafontaine, and Jean Devillers-Terschuren.
Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique.1998.

This report is based on documents prepared for the Convention on Migratory Species by Pierre Pfeffer (1993b) and on supporting documents for the action plan on Sahelo-Saharan antelopes adopted by the 4^th Conference of the Parties of the Convention, documents that were prepared by Roseline C. Beudels, Martine Bigan, Pierre Devillers, and Pierre Pfeffer (1994). The information it contains originates mainly from the general accounts and regional action plans edited by Rod East (1988, 1990). It is completed by a new review of the literature and a survey of actors in the field conducted in 1996 and 1997 by Tommy Smith (1998) with the support of Koen de Smet. Roseline C. Beudels, Jean Devillers-Terschuren, Marie-Odile Beudels, Tommy Smith, Yves Laurent, and Chris Kerwijn have contributed to the preparation and finalizing of this report.

1.1. Taxonomy.

Gazella leptoceros belongs to the Antilopini tribe, of the Antilopinae sub-family within the Bovidae family, which comprises about twenty species in the genera Gazella, Antilope, Procapra, Antidorcas, Litocranius, and Ammodorcas (O’Reagan, 1984; Corbet and Hill, 1986; Groves, 1988). The genus Gazella comprises one extinct species, and from 10 to 15 surviving species, usually divided into three sub-genera, Nanger, Gazella, and Trachelocele (Corbet, 1978; O’Reagan, 1984; Corbet and Hill, 1986; Groves, 1988). Gazella leptoceros is either included in the sub-genus Gazella (Groves, 1969; O’Reagan, 1984), or considered as forming, along with the Asian gazelle Gazella subgutturosa, the sub-genus Trachelocele (Groves, 1988). The species comprises two sub-species, Gazella leptoceros leptoceros of the Western Desert of lower Egypt and northeast Libya, and Gazella leptoceros loderi of the western and middle Sahara. These two forms seem geographically isolated and ecologically distinct, so that they must, in conservation biology, be treated separately.

1.2. Nomenclature.

1.2.1. Scientific name.

Gazella leptoceros (Cuvier, 1842)
Gazella leptoceros leptoceros (Cuvier, 1842)
Gazella leptoceros loderi (Thomas, 1894)

1.2.2. Synonyms.

Antilope leptoceros, Leptoceros abuharab, Leptoceros cuvieri, Gazella loderi, Gazella subgutturosa loderi, Gazella dorcas, var. 4

1.2.3. Common names.

French: Gazelle leptocère, Gazelle des sables, Gazelle des dunes, Gazelle blanche, Rhim, Gazelle à longues cornes
English: Slender-Horned Gazelle, Loder’s Gazelle, Sand Gazelle, Algerian Sand Gazelle, Rhim
Arabic: Rhim

2.1. Distribution.

2.1.1. Historical distribution.

Gazella leptoceros leptoceros is characteristic of and almost endemic to the northern part of the Egyptian Western Desert, where it seems linked especially to the great oases formed in the aeolian depressions reaching to the water table, characteristic of this desert, and to the interdunal valleys populated with acacias (Flower, 1932; Osborn and Helmy, 1980; Ayyud and Ghabbour, 1986; Le Houérou, 1986; Goodman et al., 1986; Saleh, 1987, 1997; Zahran and Willis, 1992). It is or was noted in Siwa in the northwest, the Quattara depression, Wadi Natroun and Wadi el Ruwayan near the lower Nile, in the Nile valley, in dunes fields between Faiyum and the Quattara depression (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), in Bahariya (Saleh, 1987), and in Kharga (Elbadry, 1998). It has also been found in the same chain of oases beyond the Libyan border in Jaghbub (Bundy, 1976; Essghaier, 1980; Goodman et al., 1986). The Slender-Horned Gazelles noted more to the west in Libya, in particular near Ajdabiyah in the western Cyrenaic and near Dahra, north of Zella (Hufnagl, 1972; Essghaier, 1980), may also belong to the nominal form.

Loder’s Gazelle is a typically Saharan antelope, linked to sand deserts, and characteristic of the central Sahara (Dragesco-Joffé, 1993). With regard to the distribution of the large zones of Saharan ergs (Walter and Breckle, 1986), Loder’s Gazelle seems to be lacking in the most western complexes, to have its principal distribution in the central archipelago, and be rare or absent in the southeast periphery.

In the west, it hasn’t been found either in the great dunal group, especially Mauritanian, of the Ouarane-Djouf-Majâbat Al-Koubra, or in the Algeria-Mauritania group of the Iguidi and Chech ergs (Lavauden, 1926; Monod, 1958; Dupuy, 1967; De Smet, 1989; Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991; Dragesco-Joffé, 1993). The center of gravity of its distribution is found, on the other hand, in the Great Western Erg, the Great Eastern Erg, the sandy zone which stretches from the Hamada de Tinrhert in Algeria to the Fezzan in Libya, and the smaller ergs in the periphery of the central Saharan massifs of the Hoggar and the Tassili des Ajjers, in particular the Ahmer erg (Setzer, 1957; Dupuy, 1967; De Smet, 1989; Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991; Dragesco-Joffé, 1993; Kacem et al., 1994; Khattabi and Mallon, 1997), a region where its presence has been known for a very long time and in which it was thought limited (Sclater and Thomas, 1898; Trouessart, 1905; Lavauden, 1920, 1926; Joleaud, 1929). Its distribution in the ergs surrounding the massifs of the Hoggar and the Tassili could extend to Mali in the Tanezrouft (De Smet, 1989) and to the vicinity of the Adrar des Iforas (Pavy, 1996).

In the ergs of the southern and eastern Sahara, data are very few, either because the species is very rare, or because of the difficulties of observation. Precise data are grouped in three regions: the Ténéré in Niger, the periphery of the Tibesti, and the ergs which lay from the Borkou in northeastern Chad to southeastern Libya. The Great Ténéré Erg is poor in vegetation, yet a plant community is growing there which is similar to the formations of Aristida, Cornulaca, and Calligonum in the central Sahara (Quézel, 1965; Ozenda, 1991), formed by the perennial graminids Stipagrostis acutiflora, S. plumosa, S. uniplumis, S. vulnerans, Cyperus conglomeratus, the suffrutescent Moltkiopsis ciliata, and the ligneous Cornulaca monacantha (Poilecot, 1996a, annex 17). Jones (1973) and Newby observed the species there, in small numbers, on the edge of the Aïr (Jones, 1973; Grettenberger and Newby, 1990; Poilecot, 1996b). In the Tibesti, the species was noted by Malbrant (1952) near Bardaï and Soborom, in the north of the massif. A small number of data, relatively indirect, delimit an area of presence between the zone of the Erdi and the Mourdi depression in the Borkou of northeastern Chad and the Jebel Uweinat at the borders of Libya, Sudan, and Egypt. This is a region in which a certain number of dunal systems stretch more or less from the southwest towards the northeast. At the Chadian extremity of this zone, Edmond-Blanc et al. (1962) gathered, secondhand, some indications of presence. At the Libyan extremity, Misonne (1977) found three skulls on the border of the Jebel Uweinat massif. Recent data also exist from the Gilf El Kebir in Egypt (Elbadry, 1998). The subspecific affinities of these southern and subeastern animals are not known, but what is known of their ecology brings them close to G. l. loderi. Outside these regions, hypotheses of presence exist but apparently not observations. Mentions of it in Mali (Heringa, 1990; Duvall et al., 1997) are based on its inclusion in a table by Newby (1982) without there seeming to be any data, except perhaps those of the close Algerian regions. Sayer (1977) and Sidiyène and Tranier (1990) indicate its absence in the entire country, and in the Adrar des Iforas in particular. Mentions of it in Sudan (Wilson, 1980) come from an optimistic interpretation of Edmond-Blanc et al.’s data from Chad (1962).

2.1.2. Decline of the range.

The Slender-Horned Gazelle was eliminated from the biggest part of its range of distribution in the Egyptian Western Desert. In the 1980’s, the species was considered extinct in 5 of its 6 known localities in the eastern part of the Western Desert and very rare in the last, the complex of the Wadi el Ruwayan and its extension, the Wadi Muweilih. In the western part of the desert, around the Quattara depression and the Siwa oasis, its status was uncertain (Saleh, 1987). The situation was not known, either, in Libya, where in the 1970’s, Essghaier (1980) noted groups of 10 to 20 around Jaghbub. The small group of about 15 animals which was surviving in the Wadi el Ruwayan has been exterminated since then (Saleh, 1997).

In spite of incontestable signs of decreasing figures, there is no objective indication of decline of the range of Loder’s Gazelle, in part from the fact that few historical data exist for this taxon, which is difficult to observe.

2.1.3. Residual distribution.

The Slender-Horned Gazelle might be surviving west of the Siwa oasis (Elbadry, 1998), perhaps also around the Quattara depression (Saleh, 1987, 1997; Elbadry, 1998), the Jaghbub oasis, and the Kharga oasis (Elbadry, 1998).

There are relatively recent observations in most of the historical zones of distribution of Gazella leptoceros loderi.

2.1.4. Recolonization prospects.

The environments of most of the oases of the Lybic Desert of Egypt have been profoundly modified by agriculture and urbanization (Goodman et al., 1986). For a small species linked to the dunes and the peripheral acacia formations, it is probable that sufficient potentialities have survived around most of them (Saleh, 1987). Some of these have nevertheless been gravely affected by major infrastructure work (Saleh, 1987, 1997). The Siwa oasis is probably a particularly important site, for this species as for other antelopes.

Gazella leptoceros loderi

The erg habitat which Loder’s Gazelle prefers is affected relatively little by pressures generally affecting the Sahelo-Saharan space, although Le Houérou (1986) and Karem et al. (1993) point out the mutilation of ligneous species for firewood. The reconquest of possibly lost zones would thus not seem very difficult, especially since the species has a high rate of reproduction and exhibits migratory or erratic behavior which allows the hypothesis of a certain ability to colonize. Locally, restoration measures for the vegetation cover could be necessary and in all cases protection against human predation and excessive disturbance should be ensured.

2.2. Habitat.

Gazella leptoceros leptoceros

The Slender-Horned Gazelle is linked to Acacia raddiana woodlands, to sandy outskirts of oases supporting Nitraria retusa, and to interdunal depressions of Cornulaca monacantha (Osborn and Helmy, 1980). It consumes a significant amount of foliage (Saleh, 1997). Nitraria retusa, a halophyte plant, Pituranthos tortuosus, Acacia raddiana, Cornulaca monocantha, Launaea capitata, and Calligonum comosum are part of its diet (Osborn and Helmy, 1980). The Slender-Horned Gazelles are mostly twilight and nocturnal animals, eating and moving during these periods of the day, and resting during the hot hours in the shade or in hollowed depressions (Osborn and Helmy, 1980).

Loder’s Gazelle is principally linked to ergs (Schnell, 1977; White, 1983, units 69, 70, 71; Ozenda, 1991) which seem to constitute its only habitat, at least in the central Sahara (Sclater and Thomas, 1898; Lavauden, 1926; Heim de Balsac, 1936; Dupuy, 1967). It mainly grazes on Aristida pungens (Heim de Balsac, 1936) but it also uses plants with an elevated hydrous content, such as Anabasis articulata, Arthrophytum schmittianum, Helianthemum kahiricum, and the fruits of Colocynthis vulgaris, to meet its water needs (Kacem et al., 1994).

2.3. Evolution and estimation of populations.

In the beginning of the 1980’s, the Slender-Horned Gazelle was only surviving in small, widely dispersed groups, especially near uninhabited oases and in the Wadi El Rayan (Saleh, 1987). The numbers which seem to survive in the Egyptian northwest and perhaps in Kharga are certainly very low (Elbadry, 1998).

Gazella leptoceros loderi

The figures for Loder’s Gazelles are very difficult to estimate. It seems clear, however, that it was much more abundant in the Algeria-Tunisia Great Ergs at the end of the last century and in the beginning of this century than it has been in recent years. Large numbers were found, apparently relatively easily, by several naturalists of this period (Sclater and Thomas, 1898; Lavauden, 1926; Heim de Balsac, 1928, 1936) whereas Le Houérou (1986) notes having seen only one throughout twenty-five years of prospecting for mapping the vegetation of North Africa.

2.4. Migration.

Loder’s Gazelle and the Slender-Horned Gazelle move frequently between desert depressions in search for food (Kacem et al., 1994; Saleh, 1997). Larger movements, susceptible of carrying the species far from its preferred habitat, take place under the effect of long and severe droughts (Heim de Balsac, 1928).

These migrations have a cross-border character, in any case between Algeria and Tunisia, and between Egypt and Libya. It is also possible between Algeria and Mali, between Libya and Chad, and perhaps between Libya, Egypt or Chad and Sudan.

Morocco (including ex-Spanish Sahara): accidental

The only observation of Gazella leptoceros in Morocco comes from the region of Boumia southeast of the High Atlas during the 1950’s (Loggers et al., 1992). This data, situated outside the species’ habitat, corresponds to the movements of large amplitude observed in years of great drought (Heim de Balsac, 1928).

Algeria: probably endangered

The center of gravity of distribution of Gazella leptoceros loderi is in Algeria, east of a line Saoura - Wadi Messaoud, in the Great Western Erg, the Great Eastern Erg, the Hamada de Tinrhert, and the smaller ergs around the central Saharan massifs of the Hoggar and the Tassili des Ajjers, in particular the Ahmer erg (Sclater and Thomas, 1898; Trouessart, 1905; Lavauden, 1926; Joleaud, 1929; Dupuy, 1967; De Smet, 1989; Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991; Dragesco-Joffé, 1993).

Tunisia: probably endangered

Loder’s Gazelle is present in unknown numbers, which are probably relatively low, in the Great Eastern Erg (Lavauden, 1920; Dragesco-Joffé, 1993; Kacem et al., 1994).

Libya: probably endangered

The distribution of central Saharan populations of Gazella leptoceros loderi includes the sandy zones of the Fezzan where there have been recent observations (Setzer, 1957; Hufnagl, 1972; Khattabi and Mallon, 1997). Gazella leptoceros leptoceros is noted in the surroundings of the Jaghbub oasis, where small groups have been observed (Essghaier, 1980). Slender-Horned Gazelles noted more to the west in Libya, in particular, near Ajdabiyah in the western Cyrenaic and near Dahra, north of Zella (Hufnagl, 1972; Essghaier, 1980), may also belong to the nominal form.

Egypt: endangered

The principal range of Gazella leptoceros leptoceros was situated in the northern part of the Egyptian Western Desert (Flower, 1932; Osborn and Helmy, 1980; Ayyud and Ghabbour, 1986; Le Houérou, 1986; Goodman et al., 1986; Saleh, 1987, 1997; Zahran and Willis, 1992). It is or was noted in Siwa in the northwest, in the Quattara depression, Wadi Natroun and Wadi el Ruwayan near the lower Nile, in the Nile valley, in dunes fields between Faiyum and the Quattara depression (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), in Bahariya (Saleh, 1987), and in Kharga (Elbadry, 1998). It seems to survive west of the Siwa oasis (Elbadry, 1998), perhaps also around the Quattara depression (Salet, 1987, 1997; Elbadry, 1998) and the Kharga oasis (Elbadry, 1998). Gazella leptoceros loderi perhaps exists in small numbers in the extreme southwest of the country (Saleh, 1987, 1997; Elbadry, 1998).

Populations of Gazella leptoceros loderi living in the ergs surrounding the massifs of the Hoggar and the Tassili probably extend as far as Mali in the Tanezrouft (De Smet, 1989) and in the vicinity of the Adrar des Iforas (Pavy, 1996).

The species was noted in small numbers in the contact zone between the Aïr and the Ténéré (Jones, 1973; Grettenberger and Newby, 1990; Poilecot, 1996b).

The species seems rare in Chad where it is noted in two regions, the north of the Tibesti (Malbrant, 1952) and the region of the Erdi and the Mourdi depression in the Borkou (Edmond-Blanc et al., 1962; Thomassey and Newby, 1990). There don’t seem to be recent data in either one of these regions.

4.1. Degradation and decline of habitats.

The sub-species occupies habitats (acacia woodlands, dunes surrounding oases) which are directly threatened by human pressure. Projects of putting desert depressions under water (Quattara, Wadi El Rayan) are a direct and indirect threat to some of the most important habitats for the survival of residual populations of this sub-species.

The habitats of this sub-species are less sensitive to human pressure than those of other Sahelo-Saharan antelopes. However, Le Houérou (1986) and Karem et al. (1993) document clear cases of overexploitation, especially of ligneous species, and degradation of erg vegetation.

4.2. Direct exploitation.

The decline of Gazella leptoceros loderi and the near extinction of Gazella leptoceros leptoceros have to be attributed above all to uncontrolled hunting (Saleh, 1987, 1997; Kacem et al., 1994). Traditional hunting could have had a considerably large impact on local populations (Sclater and Thomas, 1898) but it is modern hunting with firearms and motorized vehicles (Newby, 1990) which constitutes the primary threat, susceptible of driving the species to extinction.

4.3. Other threats.

There are no other known threats.

5.1. International.

Bonn Convention: Annex I, resolution 3, 2, 4.
Washington Convention (CITES): Annex III (Tunisia)

5.2. National.

Totally protected in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Niger

6.1. Ban on takings.

Algeria: protected
Tunisia: protected
Libya: protected
Egypt: protected
Niger: protected

6.2. Habitat conservation.

Algeria

The Hoggar and the Tassili des Ajjers National Parks probably have populations of the species (Bousquet, 1992) or would be susceptible of sheltering some.

Tunisia

Djebil National Park was recently designated in particular for the conservation of the species (Dragesco-Joffé, 1993; Kacem et al., 1994).

Niger

The species is present in the Aïr-Ténéré National Nature Reserve (Poilecot, 1996b).

6.3. Attenuation of obstacles for migratory animals.

Only the protection in a network of protected areas, especially cross-border protected areas, is plausible.

6.4. Regulations concerning other detrimental factors.

Such regulations can only be taken within a framework of management plans for protected areas. This point consequently merges with paragraph 6.2.

6.5. Other measures.

The species exists in captivity in about twenty institutions in North Africa, Europe, and North America. It doesn’t seem that the sub-species Gazella leptoceros leptoceros is part of this patrimony of mainly Tunisian origin (Kingswood, 1995, 1996).

7.1. Public authorities.

7.2. N.G.O.s

Recommended measures are included in an associated Action Plan (Beudels et al., 1998).

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