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Family LARIDAE, gulls

Audouin's Gull, Larus audouinii

wpeA4.jpg (24752 bytes) This gull inhabits the Mediterranean Sea where it is breeding on uninhabited rocky islets. It is wintering along the Atlantic coast from morocco to Senegal. Its worlds population has increased from 800-1000 breeding pairs in 1965 to 9000-9500 breeding pairs in 1989, and in 1995 the European population alone was estimated at 15000 pairs, 95% of which inhabit Spain. The reasons for this spectacular increase are the protection of the breeding colonies and the ability of the species to benefit from increased fishery activities (EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds).

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Corse

86

90

C

Sardegna

1015

1035

C

Toscana

94

C

Baleares

500

600

C

Cataluņa

7000

7000

C

Comunidad Valenciana

376

C

Kriti

5

C

Notio Aigaio

40

C

Thessalia

30

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Slender-billed Gull, Larus genei

wpeA5.jpg (25994 bytes) This gull has a wide but very fragmented distribution in southern Europe, south-western Asia and northern Africa. In Europe it is breeding on the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black seas. It is wintering in the Mediterranean, the southern Black Sea and the Persian Gulf, but some birds reach the Canary islands and East Africa. The population of the European Union is estimated at 1000-1200 breeding pairs, but the total European population is estimated at 40000-80000 pairs. Like many other gulls, this species has considerably increased since the 1960’s (EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds).

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Provence/Alpes-Côte d'Azur

20

25

C

Emilia Romagna

13

C

Sardegna

1050

N

Andalucia

20

40

C

Cataluņa

429

C

Comunidad Valenciana

1

C

Kentriki Makedonia

0

40

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mediterranean Gull, Larus melanocephalus

wpeA6.jpg (25642 bytes) Until the 1940’s this species inhabited the Black Sea, southern Russia, Turkey and Greece. Since the late 1950’s it is increasing its numbers and extending its distribution westwards. It has colonised subsequently Hungary, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Great Britain. The western populations of the European Union amount to not more than 2000 breeding pairs, however, and they remain marginal compared to the total European population, centred on Ukraine and estimated at 250000 breeding pairs. The Greek population is fluctuating between a few hundreds and over 7000 breeding pairs (Handrinos & Akriotis, EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds).

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

East Anglia

2

5

C

North West (GB)

2

5

C

South East (GB)

2

5

C

Danmark

0

1

C

Nederland

89

94

C

Vlaams Gewest

26

C

Bayern

1

5

C

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

2

5

C

Niedersachsen

2

4

C

Sachsen

0

2

C

Schleswig-Holstein

0

2

C

Alsace

0

5

C

Auvergne

0

2

C

Languedoc-Roussillon

5

10

C

Lorraine

0

5

C

Pays de la Loire

2

10

C

Provence/Alpes-Côte d'Azur

200

500

C

Emilia Romagna

170

C

Veneto

500

1000

C

Cataluņa

1

2

C

Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki

0

1000

C

Kentriki Makedonia

0

7000

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Family STERNIDAE, terns

Gull-billed Tern, Gelochelidon nilotica

wpeA7.jpg (25263 bytes) This tern has a nearly world-wide but extremely fragmented distribution. In Europe it is breeding mainly in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions, but a small population survives in northern Germany and Denmark. These European populations are wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. The total population of the European Union is definitely declining since the 1970’s, and currently estimated at 2700 breeding pairs (EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds).

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Danmark

12

C

Niedersachsen

0

2

C

Schleswig-Holstein

50

C

Languedoc-Roussillon

150

400

C

Provence/Alpes-Côte d'Azur

150

250

C

Emilia Romagna

107

C

Puglia

40

60

C

Sardegna

111

C

Andalucia

500

550

C

Castilla la Mancha

525

C

Castilla y Leon

1

5

C

Cataluņa

54

C

Comunidad Valenciana

10

13

C

Extremadura

1

5

C

Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki

50

100

C

Dytiki Ellada

110

150

C

Ipeiros

0

20

C

Kentriki Makedonia

30

35

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Little Tern, Sterna albifrons

wpeA8.jpg (28345 bytes) This small tern has a wide but very fragmented distribution in Europe and southern Asia. It inhabits marine coasts and sand or gravel banks of large inland rivers. European birds winter along the coasts of West Africa. The population of the European Union is estimated at 13000 breeding pairs, which represents about half the total European population. After it declines during several decades, this species is increasing again since the 1970’s. However, its breeding sites are often very temporary, and this species is undergoing important fluctuations affecting its numbers and distribution as well. Its main threats are canalisation of rivers, pollution and tourism development (EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds).

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Donegal

19

C

East (IRE)

113

C

South East

69

C

South West

24

C

West

100

150

C

East Anglia

814

C

East Midlands (GB)

206

C

North (GB)

148

C

Northern Ireland

2

C

Scotland

370

C

South East (GB)

733

C

South West (GB)

22

C

Wales

60

C

Yorkshire and Humberside

1

10

Danmark

231

C

Nederland

247

247

C

Vlaams Gewest

100

110

C

Hamburg

20

40

C

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

50

150

C

Niedersachsen

200

C

Schleswig-Holstein

300

C

Auvergne

5

20

Basse-Normandie

1

10

Bourgogne

1

10

Bretagne

1

10

Centre

140

C

Haute-Normandie

2

C

Languedoc-Roussillon

327

C

Pays de la Loire

260

C

Picardie

1

10

Provence/Alpes-Côte d'Azur

391

C

Emilia Romagna

1000

2000

C

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

237

C

Lombardia

200

C

Piemonte

50

C

Puglia

350

C

Sardegna

363

C

Sicilia

20

40

C

Veneto

3422

C

Andalucia

1500

N

Aragon

20

50

N

Cataluņa

652

C

Comunidad Valenciana

300

390

C

Extremadura

20

50

N

Alentejo

10

C

Algarve

50

C

Centro

20

C

Lisboa e Vale do Tejo

10

C

Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki

200

500

C

Dytiki Ellada

200

300

C

Dytiki Makedonia

5

C

Ionia nisia

25

C

Ipeiros

500

C

Kentriki Makedonia

500

C

Peloponnisos

25

C

Sterea Ellada

50

C

Thessalia

25

C

Voreio Aigaio

25

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Caspian Tern, Sterna caspia

Being absent from only Antarctica and South America, this large tern has a nearly world-wide but very fragmented distribution. In Europe it is breeding in the Baltic Sea and along the northern coasts of the Black and Caspian seas. In 1988 there was a breeding case in Spain. Baltic birds winter mainly in Mali. The total European population is estimated at 4700-7800 breeding pairs, but has strongly fluctuated in the past. Since several decades it is undergoing a decline, the causes of which are not well understood but could be linked to increasing dryness in the Sahel region (EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds).

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Cataluņa

0

1

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Roseate Tern, Sterna dougallii

wpeA9.jpg (24746 bytes) This tern has a nearly cosmopolitan but very fragmented distribution. In Europe it is breeding on the Atlantic coasts of France and the British Isles, in the Irish Sea, along the Mediterranean coats of France, on the Azores and Madeira. This European population is wintering along the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Currently about 1650 breeding pairs inhabit the European Union, but this population has considerably declined during the last decades. This decline, currently perhaps halted, is related to a loss of breeding sites and taking in the winter quarters (EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds).

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Donegal

3

C

East (IRE)

332

C

South East

8

C

South West

1

C

North (GB)

35

C

Northern Ireland

69

C

Scotland

23

C

South West (GB)

6

C

Wales

45

C

Bretagne

100

C

Canarias

1

C

Acores

600

C

Madeira

13

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Common Tern, Sterna hirundo

wpeAA.jpg (29038 bytes) This tern has a wide distribution in North America and Eurasia, where it is breeding from the Mediterranean coasts to northern Norway and from the British Isles to southern China and eastern Siberia. It inhabits indifferently coastal habitats and inland wetlands, but all European birds are wintering along the African coasts. The population of the European Union (12 Member States) is estimated at 40000 breeding pairs, which represents about 20% of the total European population. Following persecution, it has widely fluctuated in the past, but currently the populations have recovered and seem fairly stable. However, new threats are exhaustion of fish stocks by over-fishing, pollution by PCB’s and mercury and disturbance by tourism (EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds).

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Donegal

226

C

Mid West

10

20

C

Midlands

1

10

C

North East

37

C

South West

122

C

West

800

1000

C

East Anglia

943

C

East Midlands (GB)

83

C

North (GB)

1170

C

North West (GB)

715

C

Northern Ireland

1255

C

Scotland

5800

C

South East (GB)

1851

C

South West (GB)

517

C

Wales

555

C

Danmark

975

1100

C

Nederland

11000

14000

C

Vlaams Gewest

480

680

C

Baden-Württemberg

100

220

C

Bayern

100

1000

C

Brandenburg

100

1000

C

Hamburg

2000

C

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

200

400

C

Niedersachsen

5000

6000

C

Nordrhein-Westfalen

7

8

C

Rheinland-Pfaltz

0

1

C

Sachsen

5

20

C

Sachsen-Anhalt

5

20

C

Schleswig-Holstein

2500

C

Alsace

150

C

Auvergne

5

10

C

Basse-Normandie

20

25

C

Bourgogne

18

20

C

Bretagne

600

C

Centre

160

C

Champagne-Ardennes

6

8

C

Franche-Comté

0

1

C

Ile de France

96

C

Languedoc-Roussillon

251

C

Lorraine

3

C

Midi-Pyrénées

5

C

Pays de la Loire

368

C

Picardie

10

50

C

Poitou-Charente

19

20

C

Provence/Alpes-Côte d'Azur

2049

C

Emilia Romagna

2300

2500

C

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

87

C

Lombardia

150

C

Piemonte

100

C

Sardegna

220

C

Veneto

1800

C

Andalucia

100

500

C

Canarias

38

51

C

Cataluņa

5495

C

Comunidad Valenciana

65

185

C

Acores

2200

C

Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki

800

C

Dytiki Ellada

100

200

C

Dytiki Makedonia

25

C

Ionia nisia

25

C

Ipeiros

500

C

Kentriki Makedonia

400

C

Madeira

200

C

Notio Aigaio

10

C

Sterea Ellada

25

C

Thessalia

25

C

Voreio Aigaio

25

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Arctic Tern, Sterna paradisea

wpeAB.jpg (26252 bytes) This tern has a wide distribution in boreal and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In Europe it is breeding from the British Isles and the Netherlands to the Urals. It inhabits mainly marine coasts, but locally also inland lakes. It is wintering offshore Antarctica. The population of the European Union (12 Member States) is estimated at 65000 breeding pairs, which accounts for 12.5% of the total European population. Notwithstanding some local fluctuations, the species seems currently to be stable (EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds).

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Donegal

445

C

Mid West

1

10

C

North West

5

10

C

South East

34

C

South West

485

C

West

1000

1200

C

East Anglia

3

C

North (GB)

4600

C

North West (GB)

20

C

Northern Ireland

363

C

Scotland

30000

 C

Wales

680

C

Danmark

6000

8000

C

Nederland

850

1200

C

Vlaams Gewest

0

1

Hamburg

50

200

C

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

100

250

C

Niedersachsen

450

570

C

Schleswig-Holstein

2500

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sandwich Tern, Sterna sandvicensis

wpeAC.jpg (27466 bytes) This tern is breeding along the coasts of western Europe, from Aquitaine to Scotland and Estonia, in the western Mediterranean, in the Black and Caspian seas and along the eastern coasts of the Americas. Birds of Europe winter along the Atlantic coasts of Africa, from Senegal to South Africa. The population of the European Union is estimated at 60000 breeding pairs. After a strong decline during last century, this species has recovered but it is still subject to important fluctuations (EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds).

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Donegal

305

C

Mid West

7

C

South East

704

C

South West

7

C

West

828

828

C

East Anglia

4290

C

North (GB)

5823

C

Northern Ireland

2627

C

Scotland

2000

C

South East (GB)

1185

C

South West (GB)

47

C

Wales

450

C

Danmark

3000

4000

C

Nederland

10000

12500

C

Vlaams Gewest

900

1000

C

Hamburg

1200

C

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

710

C

Niedersachsen

2400

2880

C

Schleswig-Holstein

2000

3000

C

Aquitaine

3000

4500

C

Bretagne

1000

1500

C

Languedoc-Roussillon

100

200

C

Pays de la Loire

100

200

C

Provence/Alpes-Côte d'Azur

500

800

C

Emilia Romagna

350

500

C

Veneto

0

1

C

Cataluņa

755

C

Comunidad Valenciana

4

I

Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki

50

C

Ipeiros

30

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Whiskered Tern, Chlidonias hybridus

wpeAD.jpg (24918 bytes) This species has a very fragmented distribution in southern Eurasia, south-eastern Africa and Australia. European birds winter in the Mediterranean regions and in sub-Saharan Africa. The total population of the European Union is estimated at 7000-11000 breeding pairs, 70-75% of which are breeding in Spain (Tucker & Heath). This species has widely fluctuated and its global trends are not well known, but the Spanish population is definitely decreasing. The main reasons for this are wetland reclamation and canalisation of rivers.

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Centre

300

700

C

Languedoc-Roussillon

0

50

C

Limousin

0

50

C

Pays de la Loire

0

100

C

Poitou-Charente

0

100

C

Provence/Alpes-Côte d'Azur

0

200

C

Rhône-Alpes

500

1000

C

Emilia Romagna

400

C

Veneto

100

C

Andalucia

500

1500

C

Aragon

100

500

C

Castilla la Mancha

500

1500

C

Cataluņa

100

C

Comunidad Valenciana

320

440

C

Extremadura

500

1500

C

Alentejo

25

C

Centro

25

C

Lisboa e Vale do Tejo

50

C

Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki

100

200

C

Dytiki Makedonia

50

100

C

Kentriki Makedonia

100

200

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Black Tern, Chlidonias niger

wpeAE.jpg (26201 bytes) This tern is breeding in North America and Eurasia, from the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia. Birds of Europe winter mainly along the Atlantic coasts of Africa, from Senegal to South Africa. The population of the European Union is estimated at 3000-4000 breeding pairs, which represents only 5% of the total European population (Tucker & Heath). Wetland reclamation, canalisation of rivers, extension of pisciculture, water pollution and disturbance of the breeding colonies are the major reasons for the constant decline which this species is undergoing since the end of last century (Tucker & Heath, EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds).

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Danmark

100

150

C

Nederland

900

1300

C

Brandenburg

20

200

C

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

110

630

C

Niedersachsen

87

190

C

Sachsen

10

100

C

Schleswig-Holstein

100

500

C

Auvergne

5

10

C

Centre

20

30

C

Languedoc-Roussillon

0

10

C

Pays de la Loire

25

50

C

Picardie

0

5

C

Poitou-Charente

25

50

C

Provence/Alpes-Côte d'Azur

0

10

C

Rhône-Alpes

0

10

C

Emilia Romagna

0

10

C

Lombardia

0

4

C

Piemonte

120

160

C

Veneto

125

140

C

Andalucia

30

100

C

Aragon

10

30

C

Cataluņa

10

30

C

Comunidad Valenciana

30

100

C

Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki

10

30

Dytiki Makedonia

10

C

Ipeiros

10

C

Kentriki Makedonia

40

C

----------------------------------------------------------------------------End-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Family ALCIDAE, auks and guillemots

Guillemot, Uria aalge ibericus

wpeAF.jpg (23442 bytes) This species inhabits the coasts of the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Its world population is estimated at 9 millions of breeding pairs. The race ibericus is strictly restricted to Spain and Portugal, and has declined from 1500-2000 breeding pairs around 1960 to 3-11 pairs in 1995. The reasons for this dramatic decline are mainly oil pollution and depletion of fish stocks by over-fishing (Atlas de las Aves de Espaņa).

o

NUTS

MIN

MAX

R

Galicia

74

I

Lisboa e Vale do Tejo

75

C

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- End -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Last update : 06/10/06